Fear of humans

28 08 2025

Many animals avoid contact with people. In protected areas of the African savanna, mammals flee more intensely upon hearing human conversations than when they hear lions or sounds associated with hunting. This fear of humans affects how species use and move in their habitat.

Throughout our lives, we interact with hundreds of wildlife species without stopping to think about it. These interactions can be direct, such as encountering wild animals while hiking in the mountains or driving through rural areas — or more deliberate, as when we engage with wildlife for food, sport, or trade. As hunters, fishers, and collectors, we kill more than 15,000 species of vertebrates — one-third of known diversity — a range of prey 300 times greater than that of any other predator our size (1).

Now, let’s look at it from the other side. Anyone who has survived an attack or a fatal accident, they understand that the experience is remembered for a lifetime. Likewise, animals store information about threatening or harmful encounters with humans (2). For them, adjusting their behaviour in response to human presence has implications for their survival and reproduction (3, 4), which are passed down from generation to generation (5). This ability to adapt, for example, determines which individuals, populations and species coexist with us in urbanised environments (6).

Response to dangerous sounds

Liana Zanette and her team measured the flight responses of wild mammals in the Greater Kruger National Park (South Africa) when exposed to sounds that signal danger (7) [video-summary]. To do this, Zanette recorded videos of more than 4,000 visits to 21 waterholes by 18 mammal species. During each visit, a speaker attached to a tree randomly played one of five playback sounds: hunting dogs barking, gunshots, lion growls, human conversations in a calm tone and, as a control, the songs of harmless birds.

Large mammals at waterholes in the Greater Kruger National Park (GPNK, South Africa) (7). GPNK covers an area of 1,800 km² to the east of Kruger National Park (19,500 km²). While Kruger is state-owned, GPNK is managed by private and community landowners. It has no fences, allowing free movement of animals between the two parks. The top three photos show: two lions (Panthera leo), a herd of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and groups of common hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). To study the flight response of Kruger’s mammals to threatening sounds (7), the bottom two photos illustrate the distance from the water to the speaker-video [ABR] device, which was secured to a tree inside a steel bite- and impact-proof case, and a leopard (Panthera pardus) fleeing after hearing a recorded human conversation, leaving behind an impala (Aepyceros melampus) it had just captured at a waterhole. The playback dialogues used in the experiment were in local languages: Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, and Tsonga. See documentaries on Kruger: (i) Aerial Africa: Kruger National Park, (ii) A guide to Kruger Park 2023 Wildlife and (iii) Exploring Klaserie: untamed & wild in the Greater Kruger. Overall, waterholes (see Kruger video-examples here, here and here), both natural and artificial, play a crucial role in shaping the ecology of African savannahs by influencing wildlife distribution, vegetation dynamics and overall ecosystem health. Photo credits: Naas Rautenbach (lions) and Liana Zanette.
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Categories : Africa, behaviour, biodiversity, conservation, environmental policy, exploitation, harvest, human-wildlife conflict, mammal, management, predation, predator, protected area, research, top-down ecology, trophic cascades

A long life can be a disadvantage

12 06 2025

Deep-sea sharks include some of the longest-lived vertebrates known. The record holder is the Greenland shark, with a recently estimated maximum age of nearly 400 years. Their slow life cycle makes them vulnerable to fisheries.

Humans rarely live longer than 100 years. But many other animals and plants can live for several centuries or even millennia, particularly in the ocean.

In the Arctic, there are whales that have survived since the time of Napoleon’s Empire; in the Atlantic, there are molluscs that were contemporary with Christopher Columbus’ voyages; and in Antarctica, there are sponges born before the Holocene when humans were still an insignificant species of hunter-gatherers (see video on lifespan variation in wildlife).

Long-lived species grow slowly and reproduce at later ages (1, 2). As a result, these animals require a long time to form abundant populations and to recover from fishing-related mortality.

Among cartilaginous fish (chimaeras, rays, sharks, and skates), the risk of extinction due to overfishing is twice as high for deep-sea species compared to coastal species, because the former have longer and slower life cycles (3).

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Categories : Arctic, biodiversity, conservation, decline, exploitation, extinction, fish, fisheries, food, IUCN, management, marine, predator, research, shark

Journal editors struggling to find reviewers — there are some bloody good reasons why

7 05 2025

I used to think it was merely a post-COVID19 hiccough, but the extensive delays in receiving reviews for submitted manuscripts that I am seeing near constantly now are the symptoms of a much larger problem. That problem is, in a nutshell, how awfully journals are treating both authors and reviewers these days.

I regularly hear stories from editors handling my papers, as well as accounts from colleagues, about the ridiculous number of review requests they send with no response. It isn’t uncommon to hear that editors ask more than 50 people for a review (yes, you read that correctly), to no avail. Even when the submitting authors provide a list of potential reviewers, it doesn’t seem to help.

The ensuing delays in time to publication are really starting to hurt people, and the most common victims are early career researchers needing to build up their publication track records to secure grants and jobs. And the underhanded, dickhead tactic to reset the submission clock by calling a ‘major review’ a ‘rejection with opportunity to resubmit’ doesn’t fucking fool anyone. The ‘average time from submission to publication’ claimed by most journals is a boldface lie because of their surreptitious manipulation of handling statistics.

The most obese pachyderm in the room is, of course, the extortionary prices (and it is nothing short of extortion) charged for publishing in most academic journals these days. For example, I had to spend more than AU$17,000.00 to publish a single open-access paper in Nature Geoscience last year. That was just for one paper. Never again.

Anyone with even a vestigial understanding of economics feels utterly exploited when asked to review a paper for nothing. As far as I am aware, there isn’t a reputable journal out there that pays for peer reviews. As a whole, academics are up-to-fucking-here with this arrangement, so it should come as no surprise that editors are struggling to find reviewers.

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Categories : co-author, exploitation, research, science, science writing, scientific publishing, scientific writing, societies

The colour of survival

6 05 2025

In boreal forests, many hares adopt white winter coats before the snow arrives. In a snowless landscape, these white hares lack camouflage against predators. However, their early moult from brown into white fur can increase their survival and offers an advantage as the snow season becomes progressively shorter with climate change.

Throughout the year, we wear different clothing to protect ourselves from the cold or heat and for aesthetic reasons depending on the occasion. Likewise, many animals change the colour, thickness and structure of their fur and feathers in tune with the seasons.

Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in a snowy (Kluane Lake/Yukon, Canada) and snowless habitat (Seely Lake/Montana, USA). This mammal moults its coat as colder temperatures, shorter days, and snowfall arrive. In the genetic populations of the temperate forests of the Rocky Mountains and the boreal forests spanning the North American continent, hares that moult from brown to white are abundant (20). However, in coastal areas, and in the third genetic population in the North Pacific, snowfall is brief and less intense, resulting in fewer white individuals. This is due to hybridisation with the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) over 3,000 years ago (17). The hare’s coat has an outer layer, where the longer fur gives each individual its colour, and an inner layer of short fur (19). In winter, the outer layer becomes thicker and denser, while the inner layer maintains a consistent thickness but increases in density. By biomass, the snowshoe hare is the primary herbivore in the North American boreal forest and distinguishes the trophic relationships between continents (21). In Europe, much of the boreal understory remains under snow, providing food for rodents with four-year abundance cycles controlled by small generalist predators (mustelids). In North America, the boreal understory grows above the snow and provides food for hares. In this region, snowshoe hare populations follow 10-year abundance cycles regulated by specialist predators (those that feed almost exclusively on hares), primarily the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) (6). Photos courtesy of Alice Kenney and Charles Krebs (Yukon) [see their ecological monitoring program here] and Marketa Zimova (Montana).

However, as the climate changes, springs arrive earlier, winters are delayed, and the frequency and intensity of precipitation have become highly variable. All of this makes it harder for species to adjust their wardrobe to temperature changes (1).

In this context, body colour is a critical factor for birds and mammals that undergo an annual moult (2). In 21 species from the cold latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, some individuals are brown in summer, but turn white in winter, while others remain brown year round (3). This phenomenon includes weasels, rodents, ptarmigans, foxes, rabbits and hares.

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Categories : Arctic, boreal, climate change, climate shift, conservation, ecology, Europe, evolution, genetic diversity, introgression, mammal, predation, predator, research, top-down ecology, trophic cascades

Trapped in the light

31 03 2025

Night is the peak activity period for many animal species. In the Western Andes of Ecuador, the Chocó golden scarab flies between forest patches during the night, but urban lighting interferes with their paths and jeopardises populations already struggling to persist in fragmented native forests.

Urban development has created a network of illuminated infrastructure that allows our society to function day and night without interruption. It is no surprise that with so much artificial light, we increasingly have to move farther away from towns and cities to see a sky full of stars.

Light pollution poses a challenge for nocturnal species that have adapted to living in the dimness of night (1, 2) — see documentaries about the impacts of artificial light on wildlife and insects, and a related scientific talk. This problem might be one of the causes of the global decline in insects (3, 4), in turn negatively affecting their role in maintaining agricultural systems through pest control, pollination, and soil quality (5). These concepts are featured by the documentaries The Insect Apocalypse and The Great Death of Insects.

Chocó golden scarab (Chrysina argenteola) walking on forest litter in La Maná (Cotopaxi, Ecuador). Growing to up to 4 cm in length, this species inhabits the tropical rainforest of the Chocó region in the Western Andes (10), where it is frequently attracted to artificial lights at night. The striking colour of this ‘jewel scarab’ is an optical illusion. The exoskeleton is covered with overlapping layers of chitin that polarise light and reflect hues of blue, gold, green, silver, or reddish tones, depending on the species (16). The metallic sheen appears to deter bird predation (17) and might serve as camouflage as well as aid in individual recognition (11). The eyes of insects are ‘compound’ — composed of 100s to 1000s of tubular eyelets (‘ommatidia’), each with its own cornea and lens (18), and all collectively contributing to insect vision. In nocturnal species like the golden scarab, the photoreceptor cells (at the base of each ommatidium) respond more slowly to light compared to diurnal species, allowing the former to collect more nocturnal light per unit of time before forming an image (19). However, just as staring at the sun blinds us, eyes adapted for night vision become overwhelmed by excessive artificial light, disrupting the behaviour of these species. Below the scarab image are two photographs contrasting the day and night landscapes of the same location in Pedro Vicente Maldonado (Pichincha, Ecuador) within the species’ distribution range. Photos courtesy of Martín Bustamante (animal) and Luis Camacho (city).

When flying, nocturnal insects orient their backs toward the sky, using the light of the moon and stars as a reference (6) (explained here and here). However, when they encounter artificial lights, they can no longer distinguish up from down, and so they can become disoriented, flying erratically, like a moth circling a streetlight.

It is estimated that a third of the insects attracted to artificial light die from collisions, burn injuries, exhaustion, and/or predation (7). In the tropics, finding countless dead insects at the base of urban lights is a common scene. Equally important is that artificial light also hinders migration, foraging, and the search for mates in many nocturnal species (1, 8, 9).

Nocturnal jewels

Camacho and collaborators evaluated the effect of artificial lighting at night on the Chocó golden scarab (Chrysina argenteola) (10). This species inhabits the tropical rainforests of the Western Andes from Ecuador to Colombia, and is a member of the group known as ‘jewel scarabs‘ due to their metallic body coloration (11). Because of its nocturnal habits and the larvae’s dependence on wood for food (12), the golden scarab has been increasingly affected by the loss of native forest in combination with light pollution from rural and urban expansion.

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Categories : agriculture, behaviour, conservation, decline, deforestation, ecology, extinction, fragmentation, habitat loss, rain forests, research, South America, tropical

Job advert: Research Associate in Environmental Time-Series Modelling

24 02 2025

We have just today advertised a new postdoctoral position funded by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Indigenous and Environmental Histories and Futures (CIEHF) that will be based in the Global Ecology Lab at Flinders University.

This is a fixed-term position for up to 3 years, and we are especially targeting Indigenous candidates.

The successful candidate will use existing code and develop new approaches to analyse complex data derived from lake, lagoon, river, and wetland cores measuring various aspects of dated vegetation composition, fire regime, and climate fluctuation. Additionally, the successful candidate will design simulation models to evaluate how different proxies behave under various environmental conditions, aiding in the interpretation of outputs from time-series models.

As a position under CIEHF, the position requires co-designing projects with Indigenous Partner Organisations, as well as extensive travel to the other Nodes within CIEHF to collaborate with palaeo-ecologists, climatologists, archaeologists, and other relevant specialists.

For more information and details on the application process, visit this link.

Applications close 22:00 16 March 2025.

Good luck!




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iEcology identifies extent of synthetic polymer habitats

22 01 2025

The internet has become an informational telescope to study what happens nearly everywhere the planet. Using internet observations, it has been recently documented that terrestrial hermit crabs use plastic waste as shelter along tropical coasts.

Before the internet irrupted, I was living in Spain and frequently travelled from my hometown to universities in Valencia and Barcelona to access scientific journals. Back then, these journals were only available in print or on compact discs. Today, I can do the same thing from home with an internet connection.

 The emergence of public internet since the 1990s has globalised information and represents a data source for many areas of science (1, 2). When applied to nature, the term iEcology (internet Ecology) refers to the use of online documentation to study the natural history of plants and animals, their distributions, and the effects of humans on them (3). In fact, the internet highlights and promotes certain research topics. For example, bird species that are more frequently mentioned on social networks tend to be described taxonomically earlier, and are also the ones that interact most (positively or negatively) with human activity (4).

In search of the phenomenon

By exploring internet platforms Alamy, Flickr, Google, YouTube, and iNaturalist, Zuzanna Jagiello and her collaborators collected nearly 30 thousand photographs of hermit crabs to study the use of rubbish by these crustaceans (5). Hermit crabs are known for their peculiar habit of using empty snail shells to house their unprotected abdomens, carrying them around like someone travelling with their house on their back (6) — David Attenborough narrates here a funny swapping of shells among crabs of different size. The researchers aimed to assess the extent of the phenomenon of hermit crabs replacing natural shells with artificial materials as mobile homes (see video capturing the scene).

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Categories : citizen science, marine, ocean, pollution, research, science

5000 piggies, 500 piggies, 100 piggies, … and there there was none

4 12 2024

The Black Summer bushfires of 2019–2020 that razed more than half of the landscape on Kangaroo Island in South Australia left an indelible mark on the island’s unique native biodiversity, which is still struggling to recover. 

Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island after the 2019-2020 Black Summer fires (credit: CJA Bradshaw)

However, one big bonus for the environment’s recovery is the likely eradication of feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Invasive feral pigs cause a wide range of environmental, economic and social damages. In Australia, feral pigs occupy about 40% of the mainland and offshore islands, with a total, yet highly uncertain, population size estimated in the millions. 

Feral pigs are recognised as a key threatening process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, with impacts on at least 148 nationally threatened species and eight threatened ecological communities. They are a declared invasive species and the subject to control programs in all Australian jurisdictions.

Motion sensing cameras deployed during the eradication program capture feral pigs using their snouts to search for soil-borne food. This behaviour, called rooting, creates large areas of disturbed soil, killing native vegetation and spreading invasive weeds and pathogens (credit: PIRSA).

In a new article published in Ecosphere, a collaboration between PIRSA Biosecurity and the Global Ecology Laboratory at Flinders University analysed optimal strategies for culling feral pigs. 

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Categories : agriculture, alien species, Australia, demography, ecology, economics, environmental economics, environmental policy, invasive species, mammal, management, modelling, monitoring, pig, population dynamics, research, South Australia, southern Australia, stochasticity

Small populations of Stone Age people drove dwarf hippos and elephants to extinction on Cyprus

18 09 2024

Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Flinders University; Christian Reepmeyer, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut – German Archaeological Institute, and Theodora Moutsiou, University of Cyprus

Imagine growing up beside the eastern Mediterranean Sea 14,000 years ago. You’re an accomplished sailor of the small watercraft you and your fellow villagers make, and you live off both the sea and the land.

But times have been difficult — there just isn’t the same amount of game or fish around as when you were a child. Maybe it’s time to look elsewhere for food.

Now imagine going farther than ever before in your little boat, accompanied maybe by a few others, when suddenly you spot something on the horizon. Is that an island?

The western coast of Cyprus. CJA Bradshaw / Flinders University

An island of tiny elephants and hippos

Welcome to Cyprus as the world emerges from the last ice age. You are the first human to set your eyes on this huge, heavily forested island teeming with food.

When you beach your boat to have a look around, you can’t believe what you’re seeing — tiny boar-sized hippos and horse-sized elephants that look like babies to your eyes. There are so many of them, and you’re hungry after the long journey.

The diminutive beasts don’t seem to show any fear. You easily kill a few and preserve the meat as best you can for the long journey back.

When you get home, you are excited to let everyone in the village know what you’ve found. Soon enough, you organise a major expedition back to the island.

Of course, we’ll never know if this kind of scenario took place, but it’s a plausible story of how and when the first humans managed to get to Cyprus. It also illustrates how they might have quickly brought about the demise of the tiny hippopotamus Phanourios minor, as well as the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon cypriotes.

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Categories : anthropocene, decline, demography, ecology, endemic, Europe, exploitation, extinction, food, harvest, mammal, mathematics, palaeo-ecology, population dynamics, population viability analysis, predation, predator, research, science, stochasticity

Less affluent countries more prone to damage caused by biological invasions despite lower trade volume 

30 03 2024

Non-native species introduced mainly via increasing trade of goods and services have huge economic, health, and environmental costs. These ‘biological invasions’ involve the intentional or unintentional transport and release of species beyond their native biogeographical ranges, facilitating their potential spread. 

Over the last few decades, invasive species have incurred an average cost of at least US$26.8 billion per year globally, and are predicted to continue increasing. Investing in early management to control their potential damage and spread is widely recognised as more cost-effective than waiting until an invasive species demonstrates clear impacts. 

However, there is limited information available demonstrating whether a country’s capacity to manage its invasive species is effective at limiting future damage.

Our new study published in the journal Ecological Economics found that while more affluent countries with higher economic activity are vulnerable to more damage from invasive species, they also have the highest potential to limit damages incurred by investing more in management. Consequently, a nation’s economic capability partially determines the efficacy of investing in the control and prevention of invasive species.

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Categories : alien species, biodiversity, economics, environmental economics, environmental policy, invasive species, investment, management, research

Indigenous fire management began more than 11,000 years ago: new research

12 03 2024

Wildfire burns between 3.94 million and 5.19 million square kilometres of land every year worldwide. If that area were a single country, it would be the seventh largest in the world.

In Australia, most fire occurs in the vast tropical savannas of the country’s north. In new research published in Nature Geoscience, we show Indigenous management of fire in these regions began at least 11,000 years ago – and possibly as long as 40,000 years ago.

Fire and humans

In most parts of the planet, fire has always affected the carbon cycle, the distribution of plants, how ecosystems function, and biodiversity patterns more generally.

But climate change and other effects of human activity are making wildfires more common and more severe in many regions, often with catastrophic results. In Australia, fires have caused major economic, environmental and personal losses, most recently in the south of the country.

One likely reason for the increase of catastrophic fires in Australia is the end of Indigenous fire management after Europeans arrived. This change has caused a decline in biodiversity and the buildup of burnable material, or “fuel load”.

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Categories : Australia, biodiversity, carbon, climate change, fire, management, research, tropical

People once lived in a vast region in north-western Australia – and it had an inland sea

21 12 2023

For much of the 65,000 years of Australia’s human history, the now-submerged northwest continental shelf connected the Kimberley and western Arnhem Land. This vast, habitable realm covered nearly 390,000 square kilometres, an area one-and-a-half times larger than New Zealand is today.

Overhead image of a coastline with modern day outlines and what it used to look like
Left: Satellite image of the submerged northwest shelf region. Right: Drowned landscape map of the study area. US Geological Survey, Geoscience Australia

It was likely a single cultural zone, with similarities in ground stone-axe technology, styles of rock art, and languages found by archaeologists in the Kimberley and Arnhem Land.

There is plenty of archaeological evidence humans once lived on continental shelves – areas that are now submerged – all around the world. Such hard evidence has been retrieved from underwater sites in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea, and along the coasts of North and South America, South Africa and Australia.

In a newly published study in Quaternary Science Reviews, we reveal details of the complex landscape that existed on the Northwest Shelf of Australia. It was unlike any landscape found on our continent today.

A continental split

Around 18,000 years ago, the last ice age ended. Subsequent warming caused sea levels to rise and drown huge areas of the world’s continents. This process split the supercontinent of Sahul into New Guinea and Australia, and cut Tasmania off from the mainland.

Unlike in the rest of the world, the now-drowned continental shelves of Australia were thought to be environmentally unproductive and little used by First Nations peoples.

But mounting archaeological evidence shows this assumption is incorrect. Many large islands off Australia’s coast – islands that once formed part of the continental shelves – show signs of occupation before sea levels rose.

Stone tools have also recently been found on the sea floor off the coast of the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

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Categories : Australia, climate change, demography, research, water

Rextinct: a new tool to estimate when a species went extinct

18 12 2023

If several fossils of an extinct population or species are dated, we can estimate how long ago the extinction event took place. In our new paper, we describe CRIWM, a new method to estimate extinction time using times series of fossils whose ages have been measured by radiocarbon dating. And yes, there’s an R package — Rextinct — to go with that!

While the Earth seems to gather all the conditions for life to thrive, over 99.9% of all species that ever lived are extinct today. From a distance, pristine landscapes might look similar today and millennia ago: blue seas with rocky and sandy coasts and grasslands and mountain ranges watered by rivers and lakes and covered in grass, bush and trees.

But zooming in, the picture is quite different because species identities have never stopped changing — with ‘old’ species being slowly replaced by ‘new’ ones. Fortunately, much like the collection of books in the library summarises the history of literature, the fossilised remnants of extinct organisms represent an archive of the kinds of creatures that have ever lived. This fossil record can be used to determine when and why species disappear. In that context, measuring the age of fossils is a useful task for studying the history of biodiversity and its connections to the planet’s present.

In our new paper published in the journal Quaternary Geochronology (1), we describe CRIWM (calibration-resampled inverse-weighted McInerny), a statistical method to estimate extinction time using times series of fossils that have been dated using radiocarbon dating.

Why radiocarbon dating? Easy. It is the most accurate and precise chronometric method to date fossils younger than 50,000 to 55,000 years old (2, 3). This period covers the Holocene (last 11,700 years or so), and the last stretch of the late Pleistocene (~ 130,000 years ago to the Holocene), a crucial window of time witnessing the demise of Quaternary megafauna at a planetary scale (4) (see videos here, here and here), and the global spread of anatomically modern humans (us) ‘out of Africa’ (see here and here).

Why do we need a statistical method? Fossilisation (the process of body remains being preserved in the rock record) is rare and finding a fossil is so improbable that we need maths to control for the incompleteness of the fossil record and how this fossil record relates to the period of survival of an extinct species.

A brief introduction to radiocarbon dating

First, let’s revise the basics of radiocarbon dating (also explained here and here). This chronometric technique measures the age of carbon-rich organic materials — from shells and bones to the plant and animal components used to write an ancient Koran, make a wine vintage and paint La Mona Lisa and Neanderthal caves. 

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Categories : carbon, conservation, decline, ecology, extinction, mathematics, modelling, New Zealand, research, software, statistics

Open Letter: Public policy in South Australia regarding dingoes

28 08 2023

08 August 2023

The Honourable Dr Susan Close MP, Deputy Premier and Minister for Climate, Environment and Water, South Australia

The Honourable Claire Scriven MLC, Minister for Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Australia

Dear Ministers,

In light of new genetic research on the identity of ‘wild dogs’ and dingoes across Australia, the undersigned wish to express concern with current South Australia Government policy regarding the management and conservation of dingoes. Advanced DNA research on dingoes has demonstrated that dingo-dog hybridisation is much less common than thought, that most DNA tested dingoes had little domestic dog ancestry and that previous DNA testing incorrectly identified many dingoes as hybrids (Cairns et al. 2023). We have serious concerns about the threat current South Australian public policy poses to the survival of the ‘Big Desert’ dingo population found in Ngarkat Conservation Park and surrounding areas.

We urge the South Australian Government to:

  • Revoke the requirement that all landholders follow minimum baiting standards, including organic producers or those not experiencing stock predation. Specifically
    1. Dingoes in Ngarkat Conservation park (Region 4) should not be destroyed or subjected to ground baiting and trapping every 3 months. The Ngarkat dingo population is a unique and isolated lineage of dingo that is threatened by inbreeding and low genetic diversity. Dingoes are a native species and all native species should be protected inside national parks and conservation areas.
    2. Landholders should not be required to carry out ground baiting on land if there is no livestock predation occurring. Furthermore, landholders should be supported to adopt non-lethal tools and strategies to mitigate the risk of livestock predation including the use of livestock guardian animals, which are generally incompatible with ground and aerial 1080 baiting.
  • Revoke permission for aerial baiting of dingoes (incorrectly called “wild dogs”) in all Natural Resource Management regions – including within national parks. Native animals should be protected in national parks and conservation areas.
  • Cease the use of inappropriate and misleading language to label dingoes as “wild dogs”. Continued use of the term “wild dogs” is not culturally respectful to First Nations peoples and is not evidence-based.
  • Proactively engage with First Nations peoples regarding the management of culturally significant species like dingoes. For example, the Wotjobaluk nation should be included in consultation regarding the management of dingoes in Ngarkat Conservation Park.

Changes in South Australia public policy are justified based on genetic research by Cairns et al. (2023) that overturns previous misconceptions about the genetic status of dingoes. It demonstrates:

  1. Most “wild dogs” DNA tested in arid and remote parts of Australia were dingoes with no evidence of dog ancestry. There is strong evidence that dingo-dog hybridisation is uncommon, with firstcross dingo-dog hybrids and feral dogs rarely being observed in the wild. In Ngarkat Conservation park none of DNA tested animals had evidence of domestic dog ancestry, all were ‘pure’ dingoes.
  2. Previous DNA testing methods misidentified pure dingoes as being mixed. All previous genetic surveys of wild dingo populations used a limited 23-marker DNA test. This is the method currently used by NSW Department of Primary Industries, which DNA tests samples from NSW Local Land Services, National Parks and Wildlife Service, and other state government agencies. Comparisons of DNA testing methods find that the 23-marker DNA test frequently misidentified animals as dingo-dog hybrids. Existing knowledge of dingo ancestry across South Australia, particularly from Ngarkat Conservation park is incorrect; policy needs to be based on updated genetic surveys.
  3. There are multiple dingo populations in Australia. High-density genomic data identified more than four wild dingo populations in Australia. In South Australia there are at least two dingo populations present: West and Big Desert. The West dingo population was observed in northern South Australia, but also extends south of the dingo fence. The Big Desert population extends from Ngarkat Conservation park in South Australia into the Big Desert and Wyperfield region of Victoria.
  4. The Ngarkat Dingo population is threatened by low genetic variability. Preliminary evidence from high density genomic testing of dingoes in Ngarkat Conservation park and extending into western Victoria found evidence of limited genetic variability which is a serious conservation concern. Dingoes in Ngarkat and western Victoria had extremely low genetic variability and no evidence of gene flow with other dingo populations, demonstrating their effective isolation. This evidence suggests that the Ngarkat (and western Victorian) dingo population is threatened by inbreeding and genetic isolation. Continued culling of the Ngarkat dingo population will exacerbate the low genetic variability and threatens the persistence of this population.

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Categories : agriculture, animal welfare, Australia, biodiversity, cattle, community ecology, conservation, conservation biology, conservation ecology, dingo, DNA, ecology, ecosystem function, endemic, environmental policy, exploitation, fox, function, genetic diversity, genetics, governance, harvest, human-wildlife conflict, introgression, kangaroo, livestock, mammal, management, meso-predator release, predation, predator, research, reserve, science, South Australia, southern Australia, threatened species, top-down ecology

New job posting: Research Fellow in Eco-Epidemiology & Human Ecology

11 05 2023

We are currently seeking a Research Fellow in Eco-epidemiology/Human Ecology to join our team at Flinders University.

The successful candidate will develop spatial eco-epidemiological models for the populations of Indigenous Australians exposed to novel diseases upon contact with the first European settlers in the 18th Century. The candidate will focus on:

  • developing code to model how various diseases spread through and modified the demography of the Indigenous population after first contact with Europeans;
  • contributing to the research project by working collaboratively with the research team to deliver key project milestones;
  • independently contributing to ethical, high-quality, and innovative research and evaluation through activities such as scholarship, publishing in recognised, high-quality journals and assisting the preparation and submission of bids for external research funding; and
  • supervising of Honours and postgraduate research projects.


The ideal candidate will have advanced capacity to develop eco-epidemiological models that expand on the extensive human demographic models already developed under the auspices of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, of which Flinders is the Modelling Node. To be successful in this role, the candidate will demonstrate experience in coding advanced spatial models including demography, epidemiology, and ecology. The successful candidate will also demonstrate:

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Categories : Australia, behaviour, connectivity, demography, disease, ecology, environmental science, health, modelling, palaeo-ecology, population dynamics, research, science, societies

Better codes of practice for control of feral animals

24 02 2023

From time to time I turn my research hand to issues of invasive species control, for example, from manipulating pathogens to control rabbits, to island eradication of feral cats and pigs, to effective means to control feral deer.

Not only do invasive species cost well over $1.7 trillion (yes, that’s trillion, with 12 zeros) each year in terms of damage and control (a minimum of $25 billion per year in Australia alone), they are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss globally. So, if you baulk at lethal forms of control of invasive species, you are simultaneously stating that you’re fine with the torture and death of millions (if not, billions) of native animals each year.

Thanks to the collaborative and evidence-driven foresight of my colleagues at PIRSA Biosecurity and Landscape Boards, I was recently involved in more research examining the most efficient, cost-effective, and humane ways to cull feral dear in South Australia. The resulting paper is now in review in NeoBiota, but we have also posted a pre-print of the article.

Feral deer are a real problem in Australia, and South Australia is no exception. With six species of feral deer in the country already (fallow Dama dama, red Cervus elaphus, hog Axis porcinus, chital A. axis), rusa C. timorensis, and sambar Rusa unicolor deer), fallow deer are the most abundant and widespread. These species are responsible for severe damage to native plants, competition with native animals, economic losses to primary industries (crops, pastures, horticulture, plantations), and human safety risks from vehicle collisions. Feral deer are also reservoirs and vectors of endemic animal diseases and have the potential to transmit exotic animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth. If left uncontrolled, within 30 years the economic impacts of feral deer could reach billions of dollars annually.

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Categories : alien species, animal welfare, Australia, cat, conservation, environmental science, harvest, human-wildlife conflict, invasive species, mammal, management, research, South Australia

What we know we don’t know about animal tolerances to high temperatures

30 01 2023

Each organism has a limit of tolerance to cold and hot temperatures. So, the closer it lives to those limits, the higher the chances of experiencing thermal stress and potentially dying. In our recent paper, we revise gaps in the knowledge of tolerance to high temperatures in cold-blooded animals (ectotherms), a diverse group mostly including amphibians and reptiles (> 16,000 species), fish (> 34,000 species), and invertebrates (> 1,200,000 species).

As a scientist, little is more self-realising than to write and publish a conceptual paper that frames the findings of your own previous applied-research papers. This is the case with an opinion piece we have just published in Basic and Applied Ecology1 — 10 years, 4 research papers2-5 [see related blog posts here, here, here and here], and 1 popular-science article6 after I joined the Department of Biogeography and Global Change (Spanish National Research Council) to study the thermal physiology of Iberian lizards under the supervision of Miguel Araújo and David Vieites.

Iberian lizards for which heat tolerance is known (varying from 40 to 45 °C)
 
[left, top to bottom] Iberian emerald lizard (Lacerta schreiberi, from Alameda del Valle/Madrid) and Geniez’s wall lizard (Podarcis virescens, Fuertescusa/Cuenca), and [right, top to bottom] Algerian sand racer (Psammodromus algirus, Navacerrada/Madrid), Andalusian wall lizard (Podarcis vaucheri, La Barrosa/Cádiz), Valverde’s lizard (Algyroides marchi, Riópar/Albacete), and Cyren’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta cyreni, Valdesquí/Madrid). Heat-tolerance data deposited here and used to evaluate instraspecific variation of heat tolerance3,4. Photos: Salvador Herrando-Pérez.

In our new paper, we examine how much we know and what areas of research require further development to advance our understanding of how and why the tolerance of ectotherm fauna to high environmental temperature (‘heat tolerance’ hereafter) varies within and across the Earth’s biomes. We focus on data gaps using the global database GlobTherm as a reference template (see Box 1 below).

Our three main tenets

1. Population versus species data: Most large-scale ecophysiological research is based on modelling one measurement of heat tolerance per species (typically representing one population and/or physiological assay) over hundreds to thousands of species covering broad geographical, phylogenetic, and climatic gradients.

But there is ample evidence that heat tolerance changes a lot among populations occupying different areas of the distribution of a species, and such variation must be taken into account to improve our predictions of how species might respond to environmental change and face extinction.

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Categories : biodiversity, climate change, climate shift, conservation, conservation ecology, ecology, ecosystem services, extinction, research, science, threatened species

Influential conservation papers of 2022

3 01 2023

Following my annual tradition, I present the retrospective list of the ‘top’ 20 influential papers of 2022 as assessed by experts in Faculty Opinions (formerly known as F1000). These are in no particular order. See previous years’ lists here: 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, and 2013.

Genetic variance in fitness indicates rapid contemporary adaptive evolution in wild animals — “… this paper adds a much-needed perspective to the status of genetic diversity and adaptive potential in contemporary populations.“

Habitat, geophysical, and eco-social connectivity: benefits of resilient socio-ecological landscapes — “… distinguishes four distinct but interrelated types of connectivity: landscape, habitat, geophysical, and eco-social connectivity, of which the fourth type is new. The authors discuss how these different types of connectivity are related to ecosystem services and disservices, and how they interact with each other to influence landscape sustainability issues.“

Glyphosate impairs collective thermoregulation in bumblebees — “… low-dose glyphosate, combined with global increases in temperature, converge to disrupt homeostatic regulation in bee colonies. This is a crucial revelation for understanding the loss of bees across the globe, as they serve as major pollinators in nature and agriculture.“

Human disturbances affect the topology of food webs — “… provides great opportunities for the study of food web structures, their dynamics and stability under different human influences.“

A comprehensive database of amphibian heat tolerance — “… provides estimates of amphibian upper thermal limits – a relevant trait for assessing the vulnerability of this highly-threatened group of ectotherms to rising temperatures – derived from thousands of experimental studies.”

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Categories : alien species, biodiversity, birds, climate change, climate shift, community ecology, connectivity, conservation, conservation biology, conservation ecology, coral reefs, deforestation, disease, ecology, ecosystem, ecosystem services, environmental policy, extinction, fish, fragmentation, frog, genetic diversity, genetics, habitat loss, invasive species, management, marine, marine protected area, modelling, monitoring, Murray-Darling, ocean, population dynamics, predator, protected area, recovery, research, restoration, science, seagrass, sustainability, synergies, threatened species, top-down ecology, trophic cascades, tropical, vegetation

Children born today will see literally thousands of animals disappear in their lifetime, as global food webs collapse

17 12 2022
Frida Lannerstrom/Unsplash, CC BY

Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Flinders University and Giovanni Strona, University of Helsinki

Climate change is one of the main drivers of species loss globally. We know more plants and animals will die as heatwaves, bushfires, droughts and other natural disasters worsen.

But to date, science has vastly underestimated the true toll climate change and habitat destruction will have on biodiversity. That’s because it has largely neglected to consider the extent of “co-extinctions”: when species go extinct because other species on which they depend die out.

Our new research shows 10% of land animals could disappear from particular geographic areas by 2050, and almost 30% by 2100. This is more than double previous predictions. It means children born today who live to their 70s will witness literally thousands of animals disappear in their lifetime, from lizards and frogs to iconic mammals such as elephants and koalas.

But if we manage to dramatically reduce carbon emissions globally, we could save thousands of species from local extinction this century alone.

Ravages of drought will only worsen in coming decades.
CJA Bradshaw

An extinction crisis unfolding

Every species depends on others in some way. So when a species dies out, the repercussions can ripple through an ecosystem.

For example, consider what happens when a species goes extinct due to a disturbance such as habitat loss. This is known as a “primary” extinction. It can then mean a predator loses its prey, a parasite loses its host or a flowering plant loses its pollinators.

A real-life example of a co-extinction that could occur soon is the potential loss of the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus) in Australia. Drought, habitat loss, and other pressures have caused the rapid decline of its primary prey, the bogong moth (Agrotis infusa).

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Categories : anthropocene, biodiversity, bottom-up ecology, climate change, community ecology, connectivity, conservation, conservation biology, deforestation, ecology, ecosystem, endemism, environmental policy, extinction, habitat loss, mathematics, modelling, predation, research, science, top-down ecology, trophic cascades

Promoting diversity in the lab

15 09 2022

My definition of a ‘lab’ is simply a group of people who do the science in question — and people are a varied bunch, indeed. But I wager that most scientists would not necessarily give much dedicated thought to the diversity of the people in their lab, and instead probably focus more on obtaining the most qualified and cleverest people for the jobs that need doing.

For example, I have yet to meet an overtly racist, sexist, or homophobic scientist involved actively in research today (although unfortunately, I am sure some do still exist), so I doubt that lab heads consciously avoid certain types of people when hiring or taking on new students as they once did. The problem here is not that scientists tend to exclude certain types of people deliberately based on negative stereotypes; rather, it concerns more the subconscious biases that might lurk within, and about which unfortunately most of us are blissfully unaware. But all scientists must be aware of, and seek to address, their hidden biases.

It is time to place my cards on the table: I am a middle-aged, Caucasian, male scientist who has lived in socially inclusive and economically fortunate countries his entire life. As such, I am the quintessential golden child of scientific opportunity, and I am therefore also one of the biggest impediments to human diversity in science. I am not able to change my status per se; however, I can change how I perceive, acknowledge, and act to address my biases.

The earlier scientists recognise these challenges in their career, the more effective they will be.

Gender balance

I acknowledge that as a man, I am already on thin ice discussing gender inequality in science today, for it is a massive topic that many, far more qualified people are tackling. But being of the male flavour means that I have to, like an alcoholic, admit that I have a problem, and then take steps to resolve that problem. After all, privilege is generally invisible to those who have it. If you are a male scientist reading this now, then my discussion is most pertinent to you. If you are female, then perhaps you can use some of these pointers to educate your male colleagues and students.

There is now ample evidence that science as a discipline is just as biased against women as most other sectors of professional employment, even though things have improved since the bad old days of scientific old-boys’ clubs. Journals tend to appoint more men than women on their editorial boards, and that editors display what is known as homophily when selecting reviewers for manuscripts: the tendency to select reviewers of the same gender as themselves.

Likewise, experimental evidence demonstrates that scientists in general rate male-authored science writing higher than female-authored works, and that academic scientists tend to favour male applicants over females for student positions. In the United Kingdom, as I suspect is more or less the case almost everywhere else, female academics in science, engineering, and mathematics also tend to have more administrative duties, and hence, less time to do research; they also have fewer opportunities for career development and training, as well as earning a lower salary, holding fewer senior roles, and being less likely to be granted permanent positions.

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Categories : co-author, conference, education, ethics, gender, research, science

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